Breeds where the breeder matters most
Breeds carrying elevated inherited health risk. It's precisely here that a breeder's care decides most about your dog's health.
Key takeaways
50 breeds carry elevated or high health risks. This is not a ban — it is a reason to look closely and choose especially responsibly.
- Grades D and E mean elevated to high breed-typical health risks.
- In some breeds, breeding features (e.g. extreme flat faces) place a lasting burden on health.
- If you choose such a breed: only from a thoroughly tested, responsible breeder.
Breeds with the highest health risks
- 13 required tests2 recommended
The English Bulldog reaches an average of only about seven to eight years, with clinically relevant breathing problems due to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) being widespread in the breed and a very high proportion of bitches unable to give birth naturally, making Caesarean sections the rule rather than the exception. To minimize these significant breed-specific burdens, responsible breeders screen their animals comprehensively and only mate carriers of hereditary diseases with partners proven to be free of them. Before buying, you should definitely request the results of the mandatory examinations: proof of freedom from brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) as well as the test results for hyperuricosuria (HUU) and cystinuria, type III, where the dog must be at most a carrier. You should also ask to see the results of the recommended examinations for elbow dysplasia (ED) and patellar luxation (PL), both of which must have a limit value of 0.
Health note: breed-typical traits can burden this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 21 required tests6 recommended
The French Bulldog is extremely severely affected in terms of health, with a grade of E, as about half of all dogs show clinically relevant breathing problems due to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and a very high proportion of litters are born by cesarean section because the breed often cannot give birth without veterinary assistance. In addition, serious conditions such as intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) place a significant burden on the breed. Responsible breeders actively counteract this through targeted selection and comprehensively screen their breeding animals. Before buying, you should definitely demand the official, clear results for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), cleft palate, ectropion / entropion, and histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC), as well as evaluations with a threshold of Grade A for congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD).
Health note: breed-typical traits can burden this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 3PugE1 required tests9 recommended
The Pug is classified with a health grade of E, as a large majority of all Pugs show measurable airway restriction due to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and many animals are significantly restricted even under mild exertion or heat. In addition to this severe burden, diseases such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), meningitis (SRMA), and complex vertebral malformation (CVM) also occur as breed-typical conditions. Responsible breeders counteract these risks through targeted selection and have their breeding animals comprehensively tested. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore definitely ask to see the test results of the parent animals: a clear result for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is required, as well as proof of Grade A for meningitis (SRMA) and complex vertebral malformation (CVM).
Health note: breed-typical traits can burden this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 44 required tests10 recommended4 exemplary
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is rated E for health because it suffers from significant breed-specific issues. The greatest risks lie in the heart and the nervous system: around half of all Cavaliers show a heart murmur due to mitral valve disease (MVD) by the age of five, with almost all being affected by the age of ten. In addition, over 90% of the dogs show a Chiari-like malformation (CM) on MRI, while the resulting syringomyelia (SM) affects around 40 to 48% depending on the study and increases with age. A responsible breeder minimizes these risks through targeted screening: therefore, before buying, demand complete records of the parent animals proving an inconspicuous mitral valve disease (MVD) status as well as Grade A for Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM). In addition, proof should be provided that the parents are free from patellar luxation (PL) (Grade 0) and have the status free or carrier (with carriers only being mated with free partners) for curly coat dry eye syndrome (CC) and episodic falling (EF).
- 55 required tests19 recommended4 exemplary
The Doberman receives a health grade of E, as the breed is affected by extremely severe health risks: dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) affects around half to nearly 60% of all Dobermans over their lifetime in European studies and is often suddenly fatal, while Wobbler syndrome (cervical spondylomyelopathy) and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) also represent significant dangers. A responsible breeder consistently counteracts this through regular cardiological and orthopedic examinations of the parent animals. Before buying a puppy, you should ask to see complete records showing an unremarkable dilated cardiomyopathy status, an examination result of A for cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome) and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), as well as the HD result (limit B or better). In addition, the result for Von Willebrand disease Type I must be available, where carriers may only be mated with proven free partners.
- 61 required tests11 recommended9 exemplary
The Great Dane reaches an average age of only about six to eight years, with life-threatening gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) being among the most common emergencies, and diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy and Wobbler syndrome (cervical spondylomyelopathy) heavily burdening the breed. A responsible breeder counteracts these risks through targeted prevention and has their breeding dogs comprehensively examined. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore definitely ask to see the veterinary results of the parent animals, which prove an inconspicuous dilated cardiomyopathy, a result of A for cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome), and a hip dysplasia (HD) of C or better.
- 72 required tests8 recommended
The Irish Wolfhound reaches an average age of only about seven years; heart disease and bone cancer are the most common causes of death. Due to this significant breed-specific risk (Grade E), carefully choosing a breeder is vital for survival: a responsible breeder must have their breeding dogs tested for hip dysplasia (HD) (FCI limit Grade A or B) and perform regular heart screenings. Before buying, ask to see complete medical records of the parent animals ruling out dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as proof of an unremarkable portosystemic shunt (hepatic encephalopathy) via bile acid levels in the puppies, and freedom from elbow dysplasia (ED) with a limit of 0.
- 811 required tests11 recommended
The Pekingese is classified with a grade E because it is subject to significant breed-specific health issues, primarily driven by Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome (exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and/or macroblepharon), and painful skin fold dermatitis. A responsible breeder does everything possible to minimize these risks and has their breeding stock comprehensively tested for these and other breed-specific problems such as patellar luxation (PL) and mitral valve disease (MVD). Before buying, you should definitely request the official test results of the parents, which must prove a limit of grade 0 for patellar luxation (PL), a clear result for mitral valve disease (MVD), and a status of free for both Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome (exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and/or macroblepharon).
- 94 required tests4 recommended
The American Bully carries a significant risk of serious health problems, particularly due to Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), which can severely impair breathing, as well as degenerative joint diseases such as Hip Dysplasia (HD) and Elbow Dysplasia (ED). A responsible breeder actively counteracts this by having their breeding dogs undergo comprehensive health screenings and only mating healthy dogs. When buying, make sure you are presented with official results for Hip Dysplasia (HD) with an FCI A or B result, and for Elbow Dysplasia (ED) with ED 0 or 1. In addition, you should look for evidence showing that the parent dogs are free from Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and proving via genetic tests that they are free from Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) and Hyperuricosuria (HUU) – although a carrier status for these hereditary diseases is only acceptable if the other partner is proven to be completely free.
- 104 required tests11 recommended1 exemplary
The Basset Hound is rated D for health, as it is a chondrodystrophic breed with a significantly increased risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and can also be affected by severe conditions such as Lafora epilepsy or cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome). A responsible breeder actively counters these risks through targeted selection and comprehensive health screenings. Before buying a puppy, you must therefore insist on seeing the official test results of the parent animals for hip dysplasia (HD) (limit C or better, with C only allowed to be mated with A or B), primary open-angle glaucoma, and Lafora epilepsy, where a carrier status is only permitted to be bred with a clear partner.
- 112 required tests1 recommended
The Belgian Griffon is classified with a health grade of D, as it carries a significant risk of serious breed-specific problems. Particularly in focus are Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM), as well as hereditary cataracts and patellar luxation (PL). A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks through targeted breeding selection. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore definitely ask to see the official test results of the parent animals: a finding on patellar luxation (PL) with the limit of Grade 0, proof of freedom from hereditary cataracts (prescribed by the Verband Deutscher Kleinhundezüchter e.V. / VDH), and an examination for Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM).
- 1210 required tests10 recommended1 exemplary
The Bernese Mountain Dog reaches an average age of only about seven and a half to eight and a half years, with cancers being responsible for over half of all deaths, and histiocytic sarcoma (a form of histiocytosis) alone accounting for about one-seventh. In addition to this cancer predisposition, the breed frequently suffers from severe joint problems such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED), as well as the degenerative spinal cord disease Degenerative Myelopathy. A health-oriented breeder actively counteracts this by having their breeding animals comprehensively tested and only mating dogs that achieve a limit of grade C or better for HD and ED-1 or better for ED. When buying a puppy, make sure you are shown the complete official findings of the parent animals for HD, ED, Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), Ectopic Ureter (EU), as well as the DNA test results for Degenerative Myelopathy (limit: clear or carrier, whereby carriers may only be mated with clear partners).
- 138 required tests4 recommended
The Biewer Terrier is rated D for health, as significant breed-specific problems such as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM), as well as eye diseases like Progressive Retinal Atrophy, can occur generically in the breed. A responsible breeder counteracts these risks through targeted selective breeding and comprehensive health screenings. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore definitely ask to see the official test results of the parent animals: these include a finding on Patellar Luxation (PL) with a limit of 0, proof of freedom from Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) (limit: clear or carrier, whereby carriers may only be mated with clear partners), as well as findings on Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1 (Golden Retriever) and cataracts.
- 143 required tests6 recommended
Due to its extreme build, the Bloodhound carries significant health risks, with the life-threatening gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), severe hip dysplasia (HD), and painful eye problems such as ectropion / entropion particularly burdening the breed. A responsible breeder counteracts these risks through targeted selection and has their breeding stock comprehensively tested. Before buying, you should definitely demand the official findings for hip dysplasia (HD) with a result of FCI A/B or OFA Fair or better, as well as for elbow dysplasia (ED) with a result of FCI Grade 0 or OFA normal. In addition, veterinary proof of freedom from keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), cherry eye, and exposure keratopathy syndrome must be available, and for the hereditary disease degenerative myelopathy, carriers must only be mated if the other partner is proven to be clear.
- 157 required tests17 recommended3 exemplary
Due to its body structure and genetics, the Boston Terrier carries a high risk of serious health problems, first and foremost Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), as well as the eye disease Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) and the neurological disease Degenerative Myelopathy. A responsible breeder actively counteracts this by comprehensively testing all breeding animals and only mating dogs that have passed the fitness test ("pug" test) and are free from Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and Primary Lens Luxation (PLL). For Degenerative Myelopathy, the limit is free or carrier, whereby a carrier must only be mated with a completely free partner to prevent the onset of the disease. Before buying, be sure to ask to see the official test results of the parent animals, which fully prove their freedom from symptoms and their corresponding genetic status.
- 162 required tests11 recommended17 exemplary
The German Boxer carries a high health risk, with cancer being the most common cause of death and about one in seven Boxers receiving a cancer diagnosis each year. In addition, the breed is severely affected by hip dysplasia (HD), spondylosis, and serious heart diseases such as Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (Boxer cardiomyopathy). A responsible breeder actively counteracts this and has their breeding animals comprehensively tested. Before buying, you must demand the official results for hip dysplasia (HD) (limit grade C or better), spondylosis (grade 2 or better), as well as the test results for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (Boxer cardiomyopathy) and Degenerative Myelopathy, where a carrier may only be mated with a clear partner.
- 173 required tests2 recommended
The Petit Brabançon is rated D for health, as the breed is affected by serious health issues such as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) as well as Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM), while Patellar Luxation (PL) also poses a moderate risk. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested. When buying a puppy, make sure that you are presented with official test results for Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM), Patellar Luxation (PL), and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), each with a result of Grade 0 or 1. In addition, the parents should have been screened for cataracts and distichiasis and found to be free.
- 181 required tests3 recommended2 exemplary
Due to its build and genetic predispositions, the Brussels Griffon carries a significant health risk, particularly for the neurological condition Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM), as well as eye diseases such as cataract and progressive retinal atrophy, generic. Additionally, there is a risk of patellar luxation (PL), in which the kneecap painfully luxates. A responsible breeder minimizes these risks through targeted selection and has their breeding animals comprehensively tested before use. Therefore, before buying, demand the written results of the parent animals: for patellar luxation (PL), the result must strictly be Grade 0; for Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM), the limit value A is required; for cataracts, the dogs must be free; and for progressive retinal atrophy, generic, the status free or carrier is permissible, provided the other partner is proven to be free.
- 193 required tests6 recommended2 exemplary
The Bull Terrier carries a clear breed-specific risk for serious diseases such as the fatal skin condition lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), the heart disease mitral valve disease (MVD), and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). A responsible breeder consistently minimizes these risks through targeted screening before breeding. You should therefore ask to see complete health test results of the parent animals before buying: for lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), both parents must be clear, or at most, one carrier may be mated with a clear partner. In addition, current, clear test results must be available for mitral valve disease (MVD) via cardiac ultrasound and for polycystic kidney disease (PKD).
- 203 required tests7 recommended
Due to its stature and genetics, the Bullmastiff carries a significant risk of serious diseases such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome). A responsible breeder consistently minimizes these risks through targeted selection and comprehensive health screenings of their breeding stock. Before buying, you should definitely ask to see the official results for hip dysplasia (HD) with a limit of hip dysplasia C or better, as well as elbow dysplasia (ED) with a limit of borderline (borderline/grade 1 or better). In addition, it is important that the parent animals have been tested for cystinuria and canine multifocal retinopathy 1 (CMR1), whereby a carrier status is only acceptable if the other partner is proven to be clear.
- 2115 required tests14 recommended3 exemplary
The Chow Chow is rated D for health, as it has a significant risk of breed-specific problems such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and painful eye conditions like ectropion / entropion. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only mating healthy dogs. Before buying, you should definitely ask to see the official test results of the parents: for hip dysplasia (HD), the result should be at least grade C or better, for elbow dysplasia (ED), grade 2 or better, and the eyes must be proven free of ectropion / entropion. In addition, proof of clear patellar luxation (PL) and a finding of freedom from cleft palate and epilepsy are essential for responsible breeding.
- 225 required tests1 recommended
Despite its improved agility compared to the English Bulldog, the Continental Bulldog carries significant health risks, particularly Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Hip Dysplasia (HD), and Elbow Dysplasia (ED). In addition, genetic problems such as Robinow-like syndrome (DVL2), dental malformations, and cystinuria play an important role in the health of this breed. A responsible breeder counteracts these risks through targeted selection and, for example, mates carriers of Robinow-like syndrome (DVL2) or cystinuria exclusively with animals proven to be free. Before buying, ask to see complete test results of the parent animals proving a maximum of Grade 0 or 1 for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), at most Grade C for Hip Dysplasia (HD), a maximum of Grade 1 for Elbow Dysplasia (ED), as well as a recorded dental chart and the corresponding DNA test results.
- 233 required tests22 recommended5 exemplary
The Dachshund is rated D for health, as there are significant breed-specific problems. The greatest risk concerns intervertebral disc disease (IVDD): about one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) in the course of its life, with the proportion being significantly higher in some varieties, and over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for it (CDDY). A responsible breeder counteracts this through targeted back screening and breeding selection, and also tests for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Before buying, you should ask to see the corresponding results of the parent animals, including a clear result for cataracts and proof that for diseases such as progressive retinal atrophy, at most one parent is a carrier, provided the partner has tested clear.
- 243 required tests
Due to its heavy build, the Dogue de Bordeaux carries a high health risk for severe joint diseases such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED). A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks through strict selection and only mates dogs with proven healthy joints. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore request the official X-ray evaluations of the parent animals and ensure that there is a result of Grade C or better for hip dysplasia (HD) and Grade II or better for elbow dysplasia (ED).
- 256 required tests13 recommended36 exemplary
The German Shepherd is heavily affected by health risks, with hip and elbow dysplasia remaining the breed's most common orthopedic findings despite decades of selective breeding, and degenerative myelopathy is also more prevalent than average. A responsible breeder actively counteracts this and has their breeding animals comprehensively tested. Before buying, you should definitely ask to see the official results of the examinations prescribed by the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SV) e.V. for hip dysplasia (HD) with a limit of grade C or better, as well as for elbow dysplasia (ED) with a limit of grade 1 or better. In addition, it is important that you request proof of the recommended DNA tests, such as for pituitary dwarfism, LHX3-associated, where the limit 'free or carrier' applies, provided that a carrier is only mated with a free partner.
- 263 required tests3 recommended
Due to its genetics and anatomy, the Hairless Chihuahua carries significant health risks, particularly for hydrocephalus, tracheal collapse (TC), and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). A responsible breeder does everything possible to minimize these risks by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only mating healthy dogs. Before purchasing, you should therefore ask to see the official test results for patellar luxation (PL) (limit: Grade 0 or 1), progressive retinal atrophy, generic (limit: free), as well as the results for hairlessness (naked) (limit: carrier, only mated with a free partner). In addition, examinations for tracheal collapse (TC) (limit: A), myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) (limit: unaffected), and hydrocephalus (limit: A) are indispensable proofs of health-oriented breeding.
- 277 required tests1 recommended
The Japanese Chin is classified with a D grade, as it struggles with significant breed-specific problems such as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and a paralyzed, constantly visible tongue. In addition, patellar luxation (PL), ectropion / entropion, cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), and the severe GM2 gangliosidosis, type I (B variant) occur more frequently in the breed. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks through targeted breeding selection and has their dogs thoroughly examined before using them for breeding. When buying a puppy, ask to see the official test results of the parent animals: they must show grade 0 or 1 for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and patellar luxation (PL), be free of ectropion / entropion, and have a normal finding (both testicles descended) for cryptorchidism (undescended testicles). Furthermore, the parents should be free of cataracts and have a status of free or carrier for GM2 gangliosidosis, type I (B variant) (the latter only if the breeding partner is proven to be free).
- 285 required tests4 recommended2 exemplary
The King Charles Spaniel is rated D for health, as it carries a significant risk of breed-specific problems, which are particularly characterized by Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and a paralyzed, constantly visible tongue. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these burdens by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only mating animals that achieve grade A for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and are free from a paralyzed, constantly visible tongue. In addition, tests must be available for cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) with the limit carrier, patellar luxation (PL) with the limit grade 0 or 1, as well as for cataracts, retinal dysplasia, and ectropion / entropion with the limit free. Before buying, make sure to ask for the complete written results of these tests as well as proof for Episodic Falling (EF) with the limit free or carrier – whereby carriers may only be mated with a free partner.
- 2923 required tests
With a grade of D, the Jindo shows clear breed-specific problems, with hip dysplasia (HD), epilepsy, and hypothyroidism being among the serious health risks. A responsible breeder therefore has their breeding animals comprehensively tested to minimize these risks, and performs mandatory screenings for patellar luxation (PL) as well as eye diseases such as cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy, generic. When buying a puppy, make sure to ask to see the official test results of the parent dogs: for hip dysplasia (HD), the result should be B or better, for patellar luxation (PL) and hypothyroidism, it should be normal, and for eye diseases such as cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy, generic, a status of free is required.
- 303 required tests15 recommended
The Long-haired Dachshund is graded D for health, as there are significant breed-specific problems. Over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for intervertebral disc disease (CDDY), and about one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) during their lifetime. A responsible breeder counteracts this through targeted back screening and selective breeding, and also has the parent dogs tested for serious diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) (limit: carrier only permitted if the partner is clear), primary lens luxation (PLL), and progressive retinal atrophy, generic. Before buying a puppy, you should ask to see the corresponding test results of the parent dogs, which must also be free of cataracts, patellar luxation (PL), and tail anomalies.
- 313 required tests7 recommended
Due to its enormous body mass and genetic predisposition, the Mastiff carries a high risk of serious joint and heart diseases such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and pulmonic stenosis (PS). A health-oriented breeder consistently counteracts this by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only breeding with dogs that meet strict limit values. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore absolutely ask to see the official results of the parent dogs: for hip dysplasia (HD), a result of B or better is required, for elbow dysplasia (ED), grade 1 or better, and for pulmonic stenosis (PS), a clear result. In addition, proof of a genetic test for cystinuria (limit value: clear or carrier, whereby carriers may only be mated with clear partners) as well as current eye examinations for cataracts, ectropion / entropion, and exposure keratopathy syndrome should be available.
- 3210 required tests3 recommended1 exemplary
The Miniature Bull Terrier has significant health issues, which is why you must be extremely careful when buying. The serious risks of the breed include the fatal hereditary disease lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), painful polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and laryngeal paralysis. A responsible breeder minimizes these dangers through targeted screening and mates carriers of LAD or laryngeal paralysis exclusively with proven clear dogs. Before buying, you must demand the written test results of the parent animals: a genetic test for lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) and laryngeal paralysis (either clear or carrier), the ultrasound scan for polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with a normal result, and proof of bilateral hearing (BILATERAL_HEARING) via testing for congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness (CHSD).
- 333 required tests3 recommended
The Miniature Dachshund is rated D for health, as the breed is affected by significant breed-specific problems. Over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for Chondrodystrophy (CDDY), which is why about one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers an intervertebral disc herniation (IVDD) in the course of their life – in some varieties, the proportion is even significantly higher. A responsible breeder counteracts this through targeted back screening and breeding selection, and has their dogs tested for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and Chondrodystrophy (CDDY). Before buying, you should also ask to see the results for Cone-Rod Dystrophy (Progressive Retinal Atrophy) and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), where the limit 'free or carrier' (carrier only when mated with a free partner) applies, as well as demand proof of freedom from Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Glaucoma, generic.
- 343 required tests2 recommended
With a grade D, the long-haired Miniature Dachshund shows significant breed-specific problems, with Chondrodystrophy (CDDY) and the associated risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) being the main burdens on the breed: about one in five Dachshunds suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) in the course of their life — the most common serious disease of the breed. A responsible breeder actively counteracts this and also has their breeding dogs tested for Progressive Retinal Atrophy - Cone-Rod Dystrophy 4, Patellar Luxation (PL), Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL). Before buying, you should therefore ask to see the official results of the parent animals: for Patellar Luxation (PL), the result must be clear (Grade 0), for Chondrodystrophy (CDDY), a registered result must be available, and for Progressive Retinal Atrophy - Cone-Rod Dystrophy 4, Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), the dogs must be clear or carriers, whereby carriers may only be mated with a clear partner.
- 3511 required tests22 recommended
The Miniature Schnauzer is rated D for health, as the breed carries a significant risk of serious diseases such as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), primary lens luxation (PLL), and progressive retinal atrophy B HIVEP 3. A responsible breeder consistently minimizes these risks through targeted genetic testing and clinical examinations before breeding. Before buying, you should ask to see the written results of the parents proving they are 'clear' or 'carrier' (with carriers only being bred to clear partners) for MAC, PLL, and progressive retinal atrophy B HIVEP 3, as well as proof of a patellar luxation (PL) score of Grade 0.
- 364 required tests3 recommended
Due to its extreme build and skin folds, the Neapolitan Mastiff carries significant health risks for serious conditions such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and the life-threatening heart disease dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, the breed often suffers from painful eye and skin problems such as ectropion / entropion, skin fold dermatitis, and cherry eye. A health-oriented breeder actively counteracts these risks through strict selection and has their breeding dogs comprehensively tested. Therefore, before buying, you must request the official results of the parents for hip dysplasia (HD) (grade C or better), elbow dysplasia (ED) (grade ED-2 or better), as well as proof of screening for dilated cardiomyopathy and confirmation that the parents are free from ectropion / entropion and cherry eye.
- 375 required tests8 recommended
The Newfoundland is rated D for health, as the breed carries a high risk of severe, breed-typical diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the heart. Among the biggest health drivers are hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and life-threatening aortic stenosis, generic. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks by only mating dogs that demonstrably meet the strict limit values. Before buying a puppy, make sure to ask to see the official test results of the parent animals: these must show a result of C or better for hip dysplasia (HD), grade 1 or better for elbow dysplasia (ED), and be clear of aortic stenosis, generic, as well as other heart diseases. In addition, a DNA test result for cystinuria must be available, adhering to the limit value of clear or carrier (the latter only if the other partner is demonstrably clear).
- 3821 required tests2 recommended1 exemplary
Despite its classification with a grade D, the Norwegian Buhund carries significant health risks, which primarily affect the eyes. Serious breed-specific dangers include Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, cataracts, Progressive Retinal Atrophy (generic), and Primary Lens Luxation (PLL). A responsible breeder therefore has their breeding animals comprehensively tested and mates carriers of gene mutations, such as for albinism or dental malformations, exclusively with proven clear partners. Before buying, you should ask to see the official test results of the parent animals, which prove a hip dysplasia (HD) score of B or better (FCI) as well as freedom from Cerebellar Ataxia (CA1).
- 3913 required tests2 recommended
With the Norwegian Lundehund, you must pay special attention to serious eye diseases such as primary lens luxation (PLL), primary open-angle glaucoma, and progressive retinal atrophy, generic. A responsible breeder therefore has their breeding dogs undergo comprehensive ophthalmological examinations and only uses animals that achieve the limit value 'free' for these diseases. In addition, an examination for patellar luxation (PL) with the limit value 'unaffected' as well as proof regarding hip dysplasia (HD) with a maximum limit value of C is important. Before buying, make sure to ask for the official, written test results of the parent animals for all these findings, as well as for cataracts and pectinate ligament dysplasia (PLD).
- 402 required tests5 recommended
The Old English Bulldog has a high health risk, which is primarily characterized by Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Hip Dysplasia (HD), and Elbow Dysplasia (ED). A responsible breeder actively counteracts this and has their breeding dogs comprehensively tested to minimize these burdens. When buying a puppy, make sure that you are presented with official results for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) (limit: Grade 0 or 1), Hip Dysplasia (HD) (limit: B or better), and Elbow Dysplasia (ED) (limit: 0 or 1). In addition, the parent dogs should be tested for Patellar Luxation (PL) (limit: Grade 0 or 1) as well as via genetic tests for Hyperuricosuria (HUU), Cystinuria, and Degenerative Myelopathy, with the limit for genetic results being 'free or carrier' and a carrier only being mated with a free partner.
- 412 required tests3 recommended
The Petit Brabancon is classified with a health grade of D, as the breed carries a very high risk for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) as well as Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM). In addition, Patellar Luxation (PL), cataracts, and Progressive Retinal Atrophy, generic, occur in the population. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks through targeted selection and has their breeding dogs comprehensively tested. Before buying, you must demand the official test results of the parent animals: for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and Patellar Luxation (PL), a limit of Grade 2 or better must be proven, for Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM), the limit of Grade B, and the eyes must be certified free of cataracts and Progressive Retinal Atrophy, generic.
- 4210 required tests
Despite its small size, the Prague Ratter is affected by serious health risks, which is why the breed is classified with a D grade. Among the most severe drivers are Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) as well as the neurological disorders Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM). In addition, there is a high risk of Patellar Luxation (PL), generic Progressive Retinal Atrophy, Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1 (Golden Retriever), and cataracts. A health-oriented breeder counteracts this by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only breeding with dogs that have grade 0 or 1 for Patellar Luxation (PL) and are evaluated with grade A for Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM). Before buying, make sure to ask for the official and complete test results of the parent animals for all these mentioned diseases, as well as for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and the eye diseases.
- 431 required tests10 recommended4 exemplary
Due to its enormous size and mass, the St. Bernard carries a high risk of severe joint diseases such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED), as well as life-threatening gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) and dilated cardiomyopathy. A health-oriented breeder actively tries to minimize these dangers by only breeding with dogs whose joints are proven to be healthy and meet strict limit values. Before buying a puppy, make sure to ask to see the official X-ray evaluations of the parent animals, which rule out hip dysplasia (HD) with a result of C or better and elbow dysplasia (ED) with grade 1 or better, as well as current cardiological findings to rule out heart failure.
- 4412 required tests9 recommended
With a grade of D, the Scottish Terrier shows significant breed-specific problems, with the serious spongiform leucoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM), chronic hepatitis, as well as the painful craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw) and Scotty cramp particularly burdening the breed. A responsible breeder counteracts this by having their breeding dogs undergo comprehensive genetic and clinical examinations. Before buying a puppy, you should definitely ask to see the results of the parent animals: for spongiform leucoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM) and craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw), the dogs must be clear or carriers (in which case only mated with a clear partner), and there must also be proof of testing for chronic hepatitis as well as clear results for cataracts and von Willebrand disease.
- 457 required tests11 recommended9 exemplary
The Shar Pei is rated D for health, as the breed is affected by significant breed-specific problems. Familial Shar-Pei Fever is particularly common, which can lead to severe kidney damage over the long term via amyloidosis; in addition, Shar-Pei Autoinflammatory Disease, Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), and joint problems such as Hip Dysplasia (HD) and Elbow Dysplasia (ED) are serious risks. A responsible breeder counteracts these dangers by having their breeding animals undergo comprehensive health screenings. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore definitely ask to see the official results for Hip Dysplasia (HD), Elbow Dysplasia (ED), Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, and Shar-Pei Autoinflammatory Disease, as well as look for proof regarding Progressive Retinal Atrophy (prcd-PRA), where a carrier must only be mated with a clear partner.
- 462 required tests10 recommended5 exemplary
The Shih Tzu is chondrodystrophic and therefore carries an increased risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD); its short muzzle also leads to respiratory and eye problems. Due to these anatomical characteristics, the breed is classified with a D rating, which is why you must look very closely when buying. A responsible breeder has their breeding dogs comprehensively tested to minimize the risk of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), cataracts, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), progressive retinal atrophy, generic, cleft palate, dermoid sinus, familial nephropathy (FN), hydrocephalus, and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Before buying a puppy, ask to see the official test results of the parent animals, which must prove a Grade A result for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and hydrocephalus, and a free status for dermoid sinus, familial nephropathy (FN), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). For Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and cleft palate, carriers may only be used in breeding if the respective breeding partner is proven to be free of these genetic mutations.
- 4711 required tests6 recommended
The Skye Terrier is rated D for health, as this breed carries serious risks for severe conditions such as chronic hepatitis, spongiform leucoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM), as well as joint problems like hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED). A responsible breeder actively counters these dangers by having their breeding dogs undergo comprehensive health screenings. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore always ask to see the official test results of the parent dogs, proving they are free from chronic hepatitis and SLEM, and confirming that hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and patellar luxation (PL) (here limit: Grade 1 or better) have been veterinary examined.
- 4815 required tests4 recommended
The short-haired Dachshund is rated D for health, as the breed carries a significant risk of serious diseases: about one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) during their lifetime, with the proportion being significantly higher in some varieties, and over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for it (CDDY). In addition, epilepsy, primary lens luxation (PLL), and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) occur in the breed. A responsible breeder counteracts this through targeted back screening and selective breeding, and has their dogs comprehensively tested. Before buying, you should therefore ask to see the parents' test results for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) (limit: carriers are only permitted if the partner is clear), primary lens luxation (PLL) (limit: clear), as well as the results of eye examinations for cataracts (limit: clear) and progressive retinal atrophy, generic (limit: clear).
- 4920 required tests2 recommended
With a grade of D, the Tibetan Spaniel shows significant breed-specific problems, focusing in particular on serious conditions such as primary lens luxation (PLL), epilepsy, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), as well as moderate risks like patellar luxation (PL). A health-oriented breeder actively counteracts these risks by having their breeding stock comprehensively tested and only planning healthy matings. Before buying, you should definitely request the official test results of the parents, proving a status of 'clear' for primary lens luxation (PLL) and grade 0 or 1 for patellar luxation (PL). Since the threshold 'carrier' is also permissible for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), you must ensure that the other partner is proven to be completely clear to eliminate the risk for the puppies.
- 5017 required tests
The Wire-haired Dachshund is rated D for health, as the breed carries a significant risk of serious diseases: over 95% of Dachshunds possess the genetic predisposition for intervertebral disc disease (CDDY), and about one in six to seven Dachshunds actually suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) during their lifetime. In addition, genetic risks such as severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) as well as eye diseases like progressive retinal atrophy, generic and cataracts play a central role. A responsible breeder counteracts this through targeted breeding selection and has their dogs comprehensively tested. Before buying, be sure to ask to see the results of the parent animals: for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) the limit is free or carrier (where carriers may only be mated with free partners), for progressive retinal atrophy, generic and cataracts the limit is free, and for dental malformations the result must be grade A.
What is 'Qualzucht' (breeding for harmful extremes)?
Qualzucht describes breeding features that cause an animal lasting harm. Extremely flat-faced breeds are often affected, where breathing, eyes or spine suffer.
- Flat-faced breeds (e.g. bulldogs, pugs) can struggle to breathe for life.
- Look for free breathing, open nostrils and a functional body shape.
- Support breeders who actively select toward healthier features.
Frequently asked questions
Which dog breeds carry the highest health risks?
The highest risks sit with grade-E breeds, including several extremely flat-faced breeds. The full list with reasoning is above.
Should I avoid these breeds entirely?
That is your decision. We do not blanket-discourage them — we ask you to know the risks and, if at all, buy only from health-focused breeding.
What about French Bulldogs, Pugs and English Bulldogs?
These breeds are known for breed-typical health problems, above all breathing difficulty from flat faces. If you are interested, pay special attention to free breathing and health-focused breeding lines.
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