Breeds where the breeder matters most
Breeds with an elevated breeding-related health risk. This is where a breeder's care makes the biggest difference to your dog's health.
Key takeaways
57 breeds carry elevated or high health risks. This isn't a ban — it's a reason to look closely and choose with extra care.
- Grades D and E mean elevated to high breed-typical health risks.
- In some breeds, breeding features (e.g. extremely flat faces) permanently affect health.
- If you choose such a breed, only buy from a responsible breeder who tests thoroughly.
Breeds with the highest health risks
- 13 core tests2 recommended
The English Bulldog reaches an average lifespan of only around seven to eight years, and a very high proportion of females cannot give birth naturally, making Caesarean sections the rule rather than the exception in this breed. In addition, clinically relevant breathing problems caused by Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) are widespread within the breed. A health-oriented breeder therefore comprehensively tests their breeding dogs and only uses individuals that are free from Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). Before purchasing a puppy, insist on seeing written certificates confirming freedom from BOAS as well as genetic test results for Hyperuricosuria (HUU) and Cystinuria, Type III, where carriers must only be mated with clear partners. Ideally, there should also be documentation on Elbow Dysplasia (ED) with the limit value ED 0 and Patellar Luxation (PL) with PL 0.
Health note: breed-typical traits can strain this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 24 core tests4 recommended
Due to its extreme anatomy and genetic disposition, the Exotic Bully carries a significant risk of disease. Alongside major conditions such as hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, hyperuricosuria, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, the extremely shortened muzzle and abnormal posture often lead to severe respiratory and joint problems (brachycephalic syndrome). A health-oriented breeder counteracts these risks by performing comprehensive genetic testing, radiologically examining the parent animals for skeletal diseases, and purposefully selecting animals with a more moderate anatomy for breeding.
Health note: breed-typical traits can strain this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 36 core tests4 recommended
The French Bulldog carries significant health risks: approximately half of all dogs show clinically relevant respiratory problems due to Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), and a very high percentage of litters are delivered by Caesarean section because the bitches often cannot give birth without veterinary intervention. Responsible breeders actively counter this and strictly adhere to the requirements of the Internationaler Klub für Französische Bulldoggen e.V. (IKFB) by having parent animals undergo mandatory testing for BOAS, complex vertebral malformation (CVM), and patellar luxation (PL). Therefore, always insist on seeing proof of an unremarkable BOAS result, the evaluation for CVM, and a patella status of at most PL 0–1.
Health note: breed-typical traits can strain this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 45 core tests19 recommended
The Frenchton results from crossing two brachycephalic breeds (French Bulldog and Boston Terrier). Because anatomical risks such as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome, ectropion/entropion, or spinal malformations are carried by both parent breeds, this crossbreed provides little to no health relief regarding respiration and the musculoskeletal system. Eye conditions such as cataracts and lens luxation are also among the primary risks. Health-focused breeding therefore relies on comprehensive screening of parent animals for respiratory function, spinal changes, and eye diseases to systematically minimize risks.
Health note: breed-typical traits can strain this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 5PugE1 core tests10 recommended
The Pug is classified with a health grade of E, as a large majority of all Pugs show measurable airway restriction due to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and many animals are significantly restricted even under mild exertion or heat. In addition to this severe burden, diseases such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), meningitis (SRMA), and complex vertebral malformation (CVM) also occur as breed-typical conditions. Responsible breeders counteract these risks through targeted selection and have their breeding animals comprehensively tested. Before buying a puppy, you should therefore definitely ask to see the test results of the parent animals: a clear result for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is required, as well as proof of Grade A for meningitis (SRMA) and complex vertebral malformation (CVM).
Health note: breed-typical traits can strain this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 69 core tests5 recommended
In the Pocket Bully, there are significant breed-typical risks for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Congenital Vertebral Malformation (CVM), as well as severe joint problems such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED). Responsible breeders in the American Bully Club Deutschland therefore mandatorily screen their breeding dogs for BOAS, CVM, patellar luxation (PL), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), as well as HD (threshold HD A–B) and ED (threshold ED 0) and rule out ectropion / entropion. Additionally, good breeders conduct genetic tests for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), Hyperuricosuria (HUU), Degenerative Myelopathy, Cystinuria, and Ichthyosis. Have the veterinary findings of the parents regarding respiration, spine, and joints presented to you without exception.
Health note: breed-typical traits can strain this breed's health — which makes a breeder who deliberately selects against them matter all the more.How to buy responsibly - 74 core tests10 recommended4 exemplary
With the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, you have to look very closely: around half of all Cavaliers show a heart murmur due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MVD) by the age of five, and almost all are affected by the age of ten. In addition, over 90% show a Chiari-like malformation on MRI, while the resulting syringomyelia affects around 40 to 48%, depending on the study, and increases with age. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club Deutschland e.V. (CCD) prescribes mandatory examinations for patellar luxation (PL) (PL 0 required) as well as genetic testing for Curly Coat Dry Eye Syndrome (CC) and Episodic Falling (carriers only with a clear partner). Because the breed-specific risk is high, health-conscious breeders additionally have the parent animals examined cardiologically for myxomatous mitral valve disease (MVD) and via MRI for Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) – demand precisely these written findings.
- 85 core tests19 recommended4 exemplary
In the Doberman, the health burden is grave: in European studies, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) affects around half to nearly 60% of all Dobermans over their lifetime and is frequently suddenly fatal, while cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome) and hip dysplasia (HD) also severely affect the breed. The Dobermann-Verein e.V. (DV) therefore makes cardiological findings for dilated cardiomyopathy, X-rays for hip dysplasia (HD) with a cut-off of HD A–B, and genetic tests for von Willebrand disease mandatory for breeding. A responsible breeder also screens breeding stock closely for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and only mates carriers of von Willebrand disease with clear partners. Before buying a puppy, have complete, up-to-date results for both parent animals presented to you and insist that carriers of von Willebrand disease have only been mated with proven clear partners.
- 92 core tests10 recommended9 exemplary
The Great Dane has an average lifespan of only around six to eight years, with life-threatening gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) being among the most frequent emergencies. Furthermore, severe conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome), and hip dysplasia (HD) burden the breed significantly. While the Deutsche Doggen Club 1888 e.V. mandates X-ray screening for hip dysplasia (HD) with a cut-off limit of HD A–C for breeding approval, responsible breeders additionally screen for heart diseases. Therefore, in addition to official HD findings, you must insist on seeing clear results for dilated cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis, as well as clear eye certificates regarding cataracts and primary open-angle glaucoma.
- 101 core tests9 recommended
The Irish Wolfhound reaches an average of only about seven years; heart disease and bone cancer are the most common causes of death. Alongside cardiac conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, portosystemic shunt (hepatic encephalopathy), cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome), and gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) also burden the breed considerably. While the Irish Wolfhound Club e.V. mandates heart disease screening for breeding approval, responsible breeders additionally test for further risks. Before buying, ask to see clear findings for dilated cardiomyopathy and portosystemic shunt (hepatic encephalopathy), as well as evaluations for hip dysplasia (HD) with HD A–B and elbow dysplasia (ED) with ED 0.
- 1111 core tests11 recommended
The Pekingese is classified with a grade E because it is subject to significant breed-specific health issues, primarily driven by Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome (exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and/or macroblepharon), and painful skin fold dermatitis. A responsible breeder does everything possible to minimize these risks and has their breeding stock comprehensively tested for these and other breed-specific problems such as patellar luxation (PL) and mitral valve disease (MVD). Before buying, you should definitely request the official test results of the parents, which must prove a limit of grade 0 for patellar luxation (PL), a clear result for mitral valve disease (MVD), and a status of free for both Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome (exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and/or macroblepharon).
- 128 core tests6 recommended
In the American Bully, significant risks to the musculoskeletal system as well as hereditary burdens such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), and brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) determine health. For breeding approval, the American Bully Club Deutschland mandates radiographic examinations for HD (limit value HD A–B), ED (ED 0), and OCD (free), as well as tests for complex vertebral malformation (CVM), patellar luxation (PL), and eye clearance regarding ectropion / entropion. A health-oriented breeder additionally has the parent animals tested for brachycephalic syndrome (BOAS) and degenerative myelopathy and verifies the status for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) or cystinuria via genetic tests, with carriers being permitted to mate exclusively with clear partners. Have these veterinary findings presented to you completely before purchasing a puppy.
- 135 core tests11 recommended1 exemplary
As a chondrodystrophic breed, the Basset Hound carries a significantly increased risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD); in addition, Lafora epilepsy, hip dysplasia (HD), and primary open-angle glaucoma affect the breed. For breeding approval in the Basset-Hound-Freunde von Deutschland e.V., testing for HD, Lafora epilepsy, as well as glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma is mandatory. A health-conscious breeder additionally pays attention to findings regarding intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and has elbow dysplasia (ED) evaluated. Have the certificates presented to you before buying a puppy: in the case of Lafora epilepsy, a carrier may only be mated with a clear partner, hips must be evaluated with HD A to C, and for ED you should demand ED 0.
- 142 core tests1 recommended
In the Griffon Belge, there are clear breed-specific health risks, particularly from Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM), patellar luxation (PL), and hereditary cataract. A health-oriented breeder addresses these risks specifically and has their breeding animals thoroughly examined before use. When buying a puppy, consistently pay attention to written proof: both parent animals should have patellar luxation (PL) with a result of PL 0, they must be free of hereditary cataract, and ideally show results of grade 0–1 for Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM).
- 154 core tests10 recommended2 exemplary
On average, the Bernese Mountain Dog reaches only about seven and a half to eight and a half years of age, with cancer accounting for more than half of all deaths and histiocytic sarcoma alone for roughly one seventh. The Schweizer Sennenhund-Verein für Deutschland e.V. prescribes X-ray examinations for hip dysplasia (HD, limit A–C) and elbow dysplasia (ED, limit 0–1) for breeding. Responsible breeders also test for degenerative myelopathy, histiocytosis, and progressive retinal atrophy. In addition to the mandatory HD and ED findings, ask to see genetic tests – for degenerative myelopathy, a carrier may only be mated with a clear animal.
- 165 core tests4 recommended
In the Biewer Terrier, there are significant breed-typical risks for severe neurological diseases such as subacute necrotizing encephalopathy of Leigh type (SNE), for primary lens luxation (PLL), and for patellar luxation (PL). The Verband Deutscher Kleinhundezüchter e.V. mandates examinations for PL (limit PL 0) and PLL as well as genetic tests for chondrodystrophy (CDDY), progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRA-prcd), and SNE for breeding. Responsible breeders additionally test for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD), portosystemic shunt (PSS), degenerative myelopathy (DM), and hyperuricosuria (HUU). Make sure that for PLL, degenerative myelopathy, and HUU, a carrier is only mated with a clear partner, and insist on seeing all written test results of the parent animals.
- 173 core tests6 recommended
Due to its extreme build, the Bloodhound carries significant health risks, with the life-threatening gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), severe hip dysplasia (HD), and painful eye problems such as ectropion / entropion particularly burdening the breed. A responsible breeder counteracts these risks through targeted selection and has their breeding stock comprehensively tested. Before buying, you should definitely demand the official findings for hip dysplasia (HD) with a result of FCI A/B or OFA Fair or better, as well as for elbow dysplasia (ED) with a result of FCI Grade 0 or OFA normal. In addition, veterinary proof of freedom from keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), cherry eye, and exposure keratopathy syndrome must be available, and for the hereditary disease degenerative myelopathy, carriers must only be mated if the other partner is proven to be clear.
- 189 core tests16 recommended3 exemplary
In the Boston Terrier, significant breed-specific health burdens exist, most notably Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), Degenerative Myelopathy, and various eye disorders such as cataracts and primary lens luxation (PLL). The 1. Club für Boston-Terrier in Deutschland e.V. (1. CBD) mandates mandatory screening for breeding dogs for patellar luxation (PL) (cutoff: PL 0), Degenerative Myelopathy (only clear, or carrier bred exclusively to a clear partner), and ophthalmological eye conditions. However, a health-conscious breeder goes further and additionally has the parent animals evaluated for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) as well as through a fitness test ("pug" test). Before buying, insist on seeing complete and seamless documentation showing clear eye results, the genetic status for Degenerative Myelopathy, and the outcome of the fitness test.
- 193 core tests10 recommended17 exemplary
In the German Boxer, cancer is the most common cause of death, and approximately one in seven Boxers receives a cancer diagnosis each year. In addition, severe heart conditions such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), hip dysplasia (HD), and spondylosis significantly burden the breed. A responsible breeder not only meets the requirements of the Boxer-Klub e.V. Sitz München, but also tests their dogs specifically beyond this for heart and hereditary diseases. Before buying, have them present the mandatory screening results for hip dysplasia (HD) and spondylosis (maximum grade 2), as well as a genetic test for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), in which carrier animals may only be mated with clear partners.
- 201 core tests3 recommended2 exemplary
Due to its build and genetic predispositions, the Brussels Griffon carries a significant health risk, particularly for the neurological condition Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM), as well as eye diseases such as cataract and progressive retinal atrophy (generic). Additionally, there is a risk of patellar luxation (PL), in which the kneecap painfully luxates. A responsible breeder minimizes these risks through targeted selection and has their breeding animals comprehensively tested before use. Therefore, before buying, demand the written results of the parent animals: for patellar luxation (PL), the result must strictly be Grade 0; for Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM), the limit value A is required; for cataracts, the dogs must be free; and for progressive retinal atrophy, generic, the status free or carrier is permissible, provided the other partner is proven to be free.
- 213 core tests6 recommended2 exemplary
The Bull Terrier carries a clear breed-specific risk for serious diseases such as the fatal skin condition lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), the heart disease mitral valve disease (MVD), and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). A responsible breeder consistently minimizes these risks through targeted screening before breeding. You should therefore ask to see complete health test results of the parent animals before buying: for lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), both parents must be clear, or at most, one carrier may be mated with a clear partner. In addition, current, clear test results must be available for mitral valve disease (MVD) via cardiac ultrasound and for polycystic kidney disease (PKD).
- 223 core tests7 recommended
In the Bullmastiff, there are significant breed-specific risks of severe musculoskeletal disorders such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED), as well as neurological problems such as cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome). For breeding, the Club für Molosser e.V. strictly mandates radiographic screenings for HD (maximum C, and this only mated with A or B) and ED (grade 0–2). Responsible breeders additionally test parent animals for genetic diseases such as cystinuria and canine multifocal retinopathy 1 (CMR1), where carriers may only be mated with clear partners. Before purchasing, insist on seeing all official radiographic evaluation reports for HD and ED as well as the DNA test results of the parent animals without exception.
- 2311 recommended
As a crossbreed between the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and the Bichon Frisé, the Cavachon is primarily exposed to hereditary cardiac risks such as mitral valve disease, alongside orthopedic conditions including patellar luxation and hip dysplasia. The risk of syringomyelia is also relevant. Health-focused breeding relies on comprehensive genetic testing of the parent dogs, regular cardiac echocardiograms, and orthopedic breeding screenings.
- 246 core tests8 recommended
While the Cavapoo benefits from hybrid vigor as a crossbreed, it inherits significant health risks from both parent breeds. In particular, risks for heart conditions such as mitral valve disease, neurological disorders, and joint problems like patellar luxation and hip dysplasia are present. A health-focused breeding approach therefore relies on comprehensive genetic testing of parent animals for recessive hereditary diseases, as well as regular clinical examinations, including cardiac ultrasounds and orthogonal joint X-rays, prior to breeding.
- 253 core tests24 recommended
In Chiweenies, there are clear health risks, particularly for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), patellar luxation (PL), and skin problems such as Acanthosis Nigricans. A health-oriented breeder therefore has their breeding dogs thoroughly examined in advance to detect hereditary predispositions early. Before purchasing a puppy, ask to see the written test results for patellar luxation (PL), where only scores of PL 0–1 are acceptable. Also ensure there is proof regarding progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), where a carrier may only be mated with a clear partner.
- 2615 core tests14 recommended3 exemplary
In the Chow Chow, there are clear breed-specific risks of severe joint problems such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED), as well as painful eye conditions like ectropion / entropion. The Allgemeine Chow-Chow-Club e.V. (ACC) therefore mandatorily requires X-ray examinations for HD (limit A–C) and ED (limit 0–2) for breeding. A health-oriented breeder also ensures a free evaluation regarding patellar luxation (PL) and has the eyes thoroughly examined to rule out eyelid misalignments or cataracts. Before buying, demand to see the complete official X-ray results of the parent animals for HD and ED, as well as proof of freedom from ectropion / entropion.
- 275 core tests1 recommended
In the Continental Bulldog (National Breed), there are significant breed-typical risks for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), elbow dysplasia (ED), and the genetically determined Robinow-like syndrome (DVL2). The Continental Bulldog Club Deutschland e.V. (CBCD) prescribes mandatory examinations for these: Only dogs with BOAS results of Grade 0–1, ED 0–1, and for Robinow-like syndrome (DVL2) clear dogs or carriers (the latter strictly only with a clear partner) are permitted for breeding. A health-oriented breeder additionally tests parent dogs for hip dysplasia (HD) with a threshold of HD A–C, checks for dental malformations, and ideally clarifies cystinuria. Before buying, insist on seeing the complete official findings for BOAS, ED, HD, and the genetic test for DVL2.
- 285 core tests22 recommended5 exemplary
In Dachshunds, back and bone issues primarily shape the health risk: over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for chondrodystrophy (CDDY), and about one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) over the course of their life – in certain varieties, the proportion is significantly higher. The Deutscher Teckelklub 1888 e.V. (DTK) therefore mandates screening for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and chondrodystrophy (CDDY), as well as the exclusion of merle-to-merle matings for breeding. A health-focused breeder additionally tests for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), where carriers may only be mated with clear partners, and checks for Acanthosis nigricans. Before buying a puppy, insist on seeing all official test results for IVDD, CDDY, and the OI status of both parent animals without exception.
- 293 core tests
The Dogue de Bordeaux carries a high breed-typical risk for severe joint disorders such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED). Responsible breeders strictly adhere to the guidelines of the Club für Molosser e.V. and have their parent animals officially X-rayed prior to breeding. When purchasing a puppy, make sure that the parent animals have hip dysplasia (HD) results ranging from A to at most C – whereby animals with HD C may only be mated with partners with HD A or B. Furthermore, you must have proof of elbow dysplasia (ED) presented to you with a limit of 0 to 2.
- 307 core tests18 recommended
The Doxiepoo combines the genetic traits of the Dachshund and the Poodle. Due to the elongated body structure of the Dachshund, a significant risk of intervertebral disc disease (commonly called "Dachshund paralysis") remains, which cannot be bred out through crossbreeding. Furthermore, there are risks of joint disorders such as patellar luxation and hip dysplasia, as well as eye diseases including cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy. Health-focused breeding relies on comprehensive genetic testing of the parent animals, orthopedic screenings, and the targeted selection of Dachshund lines with more moderate body proportions.
- 316 core tests13 recommended38 exemplary
Hip and elbow dysplasia remain the most common orthopedic findings in the breed despite decades of selective breeding; Degenerative Myelopathy is also exceptionally prevalent in the German Shepherd Dog. For breeding approval within the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SV) e.V., radiographic screenings for hip dysplasia (HD) with a threshold of HD A–C, elbow dysplasia (ED) with ED 0–1, as well as a dental and bite evaluation are mandatory. Health-conscious breeders additionally test parent animals for Degenerative Myelopathy as well as lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LTV). Make sure to see all official HD and ED radiographic evaluation certificates and, ideally, additional DNA test results for further risks such as Degenerative Myelopathy without any gaps.
- 323 core tests3 recommended
Due to its genetics and anatomy, the Hairless Chihuahua carries significant health risks, particularly for hydrocephalus, tracheal collapse (TC), and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). A responsible breeder does everything possible to minimize these risks by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only mating healthy dogs. Before purchasing, you should therefore ask to see the official test results for patellar luxation (PL) (limit: Grade 0 or 1), progressive retinal atrophy (generic) (limit: free), as well as the results for hairlessness (naked) (limit: carrier, only mated with a free partner). In addition, examinations for tracheal collapse (TC) (limit: A), myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) (limit: unaffected), and hydrocephalus (limit: A) are indispensable proofs of health-oriented breeding.
- 337 core tests1 recommended
The Japanese Chin is classified with a D grade, as it struggles with significant breed-specific problems such as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and a paralyzed, constantly visible tongue. In addition, patellar luxation (PL), ectropion / entropion, cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), and the severe GM2 gangliosidosis, type I (B variant) occur more frequently in the breed. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks through targeted breeding selection and has their dogs thoroughly examined before using them for breeding. When buying a puppy, ask to see the official test results of the parent animals: they must show grade 0 or 1 for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and patellar luxation (PL), be free of ectropion / entropion, and have a normal finding (both testicles descended) for cryptorchidism (undescended testicles). Furthermore, the parents should be free of cataracts and have a status of free or carrier for GM2 gangliosidosis, type I (B variant) (the latter only if the breeding partner is proven to be free).
- 345 core tests4 recommended2 exemplary
The King Charles Spaniel is rated D for health, as it carries a significant risk of breed-specific problems, which are particularly characterized by Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and a paralyzed, constantly visible tongue. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these burdens by having their breeding dogs comprehensively tested and only mating animals that achieve grade A for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and are free from a paralyzed, constantly visible tongue. In addition, tests must be available for cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) with the limit carrier, patellar luxation (PL) with the limit grade 0 or 1, as well as for cataracts, retinal dysplasia, and ectropion / entropion with the limit free. Before buying, make sure to ask for the complete written results of these tests as well as proof for Episodic Falling (EF) with the limit free or carrier – whereby carriers may only be mated with a free partner.
- 3524 core tests
In the Jindo, there are clear breed-specific health risks, particularly from hip dysplasia (HD) and serious eye diseases such as primary lens luxation (PLL), cataracts, and progressive retinal atrophy. For breeding approval, the Deutscher Club für Nordische Hunde e.V. (DCNH) therefore already mandatorily requires an HD X-ray (HD A–B are permissible) as well as an ophthalmological eye test with the result 'free'. However, a health-oriented breeder goes beyond these minimum requirements and additionally tests their breeding animals for patellar luxation (PL) with the finding PL 0, as well as genetically for primary lens luxation (PLL). Before buying a puppy, make sure to ask to see the official HD findings, the current ophthalmological report, and the patellar luxation (PL) results in full.
- 366 core tests15 recommended
In the Dachshund (longhaired), back health significantly determines the life risk: over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for chondrodystrophy (CDDY), and approximately every sixth to seventh Dachshund suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) in the course of its life – in certain varieties, the proportion is significantly higher. The Deutscher Teckelklub 1888 e.V. (DTK) therefore prescribes screening for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and chondrodystrophy (CDDY) as well as the exclusion of merle × merle matings for breeding approval. A health-oriented breeder additionally checks for dental malformations as well as tail anomalies and has eye examinations performed for progressive retinal atrophy and cataracts. Before buying a puppy, have the parents' breeding approval, the DTK results for IVDD, and proof of an unremarkable finding regarding tail anomalies presented to you.
- 373 core tests8 recommended
In the heavy Mastiff, hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED) particularly place strain on the musculoskeletal system, while there are also additional risks of heart diseases such as pulmonic stenosis (PS) and cystinuria. The Club für Molosser e.V. mandates for breeding radiographic examinations for HD (maximum HD C, mated only with A or B) and ED (maximum ED 2, mated only with ED 0) as well as cardiac certification. A responsible breeder additionally tests the parent animals for cystinuria and eye diseases such as cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy. Before buying a puppy, have the official findings for HD, ED shown to you, as well as proof that in the case of cystinuria, carrier animals were exclusively mated with clear partners.
- 3810 core tests3 recommended1 exemplary
The Miniature Bull Terrier has significant health issues, which is why you must be extremely careful when buying. The serious risks of the breed include the fatal hereditary disease lethal acrodermatitis (LAD), painful polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and laryngeal paralysis. A responsible breeder minimizes these dangers through targeted screening and mates carriers of LAD or laryngeal paralysis exclusively with proven clear dogs. Before buying, you must demand the written test results of the parent animals: a genetic test for lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) and laryngeal paralysis (either clear or carrier), the ultrasound scan for polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with a normal result, and proof of bilateral hearing via testing for congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness (CHSD).
- 394 core tests3 recommended
In the Miniature Dachshund, the risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is very high: over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for chondrodystrophy (CDDY), and approximately one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers a herniated disc (IVDD) in the course of their life; in certain varieties, the proportion is significantly higher. The Deutscher Teckelklub 1888 e.V. (DTK) therefore makes screening results for chondrodystrophy (CDDY) and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) mandatory and does not permit merle × merle matings. Make sure that the breeder also tests for cone-rod dystrophy (progressive retinal atrophy), only mates carriers with clear partners, and provides you with test results for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), and glaucoma.
- 404 core tests2 recommended
In the Miniature Dachshund (long-haired), over 95% of dogs carry the genetic predisposition for chondrodystrophy (CDDY), and about one in six to seven dachshunds suffers a herniated disc during their lifetime; in individual varieties, the proportion is significantly higher. The Deutscher Teckelklub 1888 e.V. (DTK) therefore prescribes screening for chondrodystrophy (CDDY) and does not permit merle-to-merle matings. A responsible breeder also examines the parent animals for patellar luxation (PL) with a result of PL 0 and tests for cone-rod dystrophy 4 (cord4), osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Have these findings presented to you and ensure that carriers of these three genetic defects are only mated with clear partners.
- 4115 core tests21 recommended
In the Miniature Schnauzer, significant breed-specific risks exist for severe eye diseases such as Progressive Retinal Atrophy B HIVEP 3, Primary Lens Luxation (PLL), and cataracts, as well as for Spondylocostal dysostosis, autosomal recessive (SCDO) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). The Pinscher-Schnauzer-Klub 1895 e.V. therefore makes DNA testing for Progressive Retinal Atrophy B HIVEP 3, SCDO, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (ITPR3), and Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) as well as an ophthalmological eye examination mandatory; carriers may only be mated with clear partners. Responsible breeders additionally test for MAC, Primary Lens Luxation (PLL), and have the knees examined for Patellar Luxation (PL). Before purchasing a puppy, insist on seeing complete ophthalmological reports showing clear status, the PL 0 finding, and the genetic certificates for both parents without gaps.
- 424 core tests3 recommended
In the Neapolitan Mastiff, there are clear breed-specific risks for dilated cardiomyopathy as well as severe joint problems such as hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED), complemented by susceptibilities to skin fold dermatitis, ectropion / entropion, and prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid (Cherry Eye). The Club für Molosser e.V. therefore strictly mandates cardiological findings for dilated cardiomyopathy as well as X-ray examinations for HD (maximum HD C, mated only with A or B) and ED (maximum ED 2). A health-conscious breeder additionally pays attention to eyes and skin. Have the official findings for HD, ED, and dilated cardiomyopathy of the parent animals presented to you and ask about the status regarding ectropion / entropion.
- 435 core tests8 recommended
The Newfoundland is rated D for health, as the breed carries a high risk of severe, breed-typical diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the heart. Among the biggest health drivers are hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and life-threatening aortic stenosis (generic). A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks by only mating dogs that demonstrably meet the strict limit values. Before buying a puppy, make sure to ask to see the official test results of the parent animals: these must show a result of C or better for hip dysplasia (HD), grade 1 or better for elbow dysplasia (ED), and be clear of aortic stenosis, generic, as well as other heart diseases. In addition, a DNA test result for cystinuria must be available, adhering to the limit value of clear or carrier (the latter only if the other partner is demonstrably clear).
- 4421 core tests2 recommended1 exemplary
In the Norwegian Buhund, there are considerable health risks for severe conditions such as epilepsy, cleft palate, as well as hereditary eye diseases such as cataract, progressive retinal atrophy, and primary lens luxation (PLL). The Deutscher Club für Nordische Hunde e.V. (DCNH) mandates an X-ray result for hip dysplasia (HD) with a grade of HD A–B for breeding. However, a health-conscious breeder goes far beyond this and additionally tests both parents for eye diseases as well as genetically for cerebellar ataxia (CA1). Before purchasing, have them present the breeding approval with the HD results and the proof that the parents are free from cataract, lens luxation (PLL), and cerebellar ataxia (CA1).
- 4513 core tests2 recommended
In the Norwegian Lundehund, there are clear breed-specific health risks, which primarily include severe eye diseases such as primary lens luxation (PLL), cataract, and progressive retinal atrophy, as well as joint problems like patellar luxation (PL). A responsible breeder therefore has their breeding animals undergo comprehensive ophthalmological examinations and tests for joint dysplasias. Before buying, ask to see proof of freedom from primary lens luxation (PLL), cataract, and progressive retinal atrophy, as well as a patellar luxation result with the limit value PL 0 and an HD X-ray evaluation of HD A–C.
- 467 core tests3 recommended
The Old English Bulldog carries a high health risk, particularly from Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), hip dysplasia (HD), and elbow dysplasia (ED). In the COBD e.V., screening for BOAS, HD (only HD A–C permitted), ED, patellar luxation (PL), eye problems, and Color Dilution Alopecia / Blue Dog Syndrome is mandatory. Ask to see these test results for the parent animals, and ensure that carriers of Color Dilution Alopecia are only mated with clear partners. Responsible breeders additionally test for degenerative myelopathy, cystinuria, and hyperuricosuria (HUU), where here too carriers must exclusively be mated with clear animals.
- 472 core tests3 recommended
The Petit Brabancon is classified with a health grade of D, as the breed carries a very high risk for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) as well as Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM). In addition, Patellar Luxation (PL), cataracts, and Progressive Retinal Atrophy, generic, occur in the population. A responsible breeder actively counteracts these risks through targeted selection and has their breeding dogs comprehensively tested. Before buying, you must demand the official test results of the parent animals: for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) and Patellar Luxation (PL), a limit of Grade 2 or better must be proven, for Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and Syringomyelia (SM), the limit of Grade B, and the eyes must be certified free of cataracts and Progressive Retinal Atrophy, generic.
- 482 core tests22 recommended
As a crossbreed between the Beagle and Pug, the Puggle combines the inherited risks of both parent breeds. Despite the heterosis effect, anatomical issues such as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) from the Pug lineage, as well as eye conditions like keratoconjunctivitis sicca and hip dysplasia, can still manifest. Forward-thinking breeding therefore relies on targeted genotyping of the parent animals, along with thorough examinations of the respiratory tract, eyes, and musculoskeletal system.
- 492 core tests9 recommended4 exemplary
In the Saint Bernard, there are clear breed-specific risks for serious diseases such as hip dysplasia (HD), dilated cardiomyopathy, gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), and epilepsy. The St. Bernhards-Klub e.V. prescribes a mandatory examination for hip dysplasia (HD) with the cut-off value HD A–C for breeding approval, whereby HD C may only be mated with A or B. Responsible breeders go significantly further and additionally have the parent animals tested for elbow dysplasia (ED) aiming for ED 0–1, as well as for dilated cardiomyopathy and cataracts. Have the official certificates for hip dysplasia (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED) as well as veterinary findings on the heart and eyes presented to you without gaps before buying.
- 503 core tests11 recommended
In the Scottish Terrier, there are clear breed-specific risks for serious diseases such as von Willebrand disease, primary lens luxation (PLL), and Scottie cramp (cramp syndrome of the Scottish Terrier). The Klub für Terrier von 1894 e.V. strictly mandates an examination for patellar luxation (PL) for breeding approval, with a limit value of PL 0–1. A responsible breeder additionally tests their breeding dogs for genetic burdens and eye diseases such as cataracts. Before buying a puppy, have the breeder show you the official findings for patellar luxation (PL) as well as proof of status regarding von Willebrand disease and Scottie cramp (cramp syndrome of the Scottish Terrier), for which carriers may only be mated with clear partners.
- 518 core tests10 recommended8 exemplary
In the Shar Pei, Familial Shar-Pei Fever occurs with increased frequency; in the long term, it can lead to kidney damage via amyloidosis, and the breed also frequently struggles with problems such as ectropion / entropion as well as joint dysplasias. The 1. Deutscher Shar-Pei Club 1985 e.V. therefore mandates mandatory examinations for hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), ectropion / entropion, autoinflammatory disease (Shar-Pei), and genetic testing for primary open-angle glaucoma and primary lens luxation (PLL). A health-oriented breeder additionally tests for risks such as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) or progressive retinal atrophy (prcd-PRA). Before buying a puppy, have the official certificates shown to you: For PLL and primary open-angle glaucoma, carriers may only be mated with demonstrably clear partners, and for HD, results from HD A to C at most are permissible (C only with A).
- 522 core tests10 recommended5 exemplary
The Shih Tzu carries an increased risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD); due to its short muzzle, respiratory and ocular issues such as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), cataracts, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) also occur. In addition, severe diseases such as hydrocephalus (water on the brain), familial nephropathy (FN), or progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) can arise. A responsible breeder therefore specifically pays attention to clear airways and a stable spine, having the parent animals thoroughly examined before breeding. Ask to see the veterinary reports before buying and insist that the parent animals are free from cataracts, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), familial nephropathy (FN), and progressive retinal atrophy.
- 5315 recommended
The Shorkie combines the health risks of its parent breeds, the Shih Tzu and the Yorkshire Terrier. Relevant health concerns include patellar luxation, tracheal collapse, brachycephalic syndrome, and eye disorders such as cataracts and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye). Due to their anatomical build, respiratory and structural physical stress remain ongoing risks. Health-focused breeding relies on the targeted mating of phenotypically healthy parent dogs and includes screenings for patellar luxation, eye conditions, and heart disease.
- 542 core tests8 recommended
In the Skye Terrier, there are significant health risks for serious diseases such as chronic hepatitis, renal dysplasia, and primary lens luxation (PLL). For breeding approval, the Klub für Terrier von 1894 e.V. mandates an examination for patellar luxation (PL), in which only values of PL 0–1 are permitted. In addition, a responsible breeder tests the parent animals for eye and organ diseases such as primary open-angle glaucoma, cataract, and progressive retinal atrophy. Before buying a puppy, have the breeder show you not only the official patellar luxation (PL) report but also proof of clear results for renal dysplasia and chronic hepatitis.
- 5518 core tests4 recommended
In the Dachshund (Smooth-haired), the long back determines the health profile: roughly one in six to seven Dachshunds suffers an intervertebral disc herniation (IVDD) during their lifetime, and in certain varieties, the proportion is significantly higher. Since over 95% of Dachshunds carry the genetic predisposition for it (CDDY), breeding selection and consistent back evaluation determine the risk. The Deutscher Teckelklub 1888 e.V. (DTK) therefore mandates testing for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), chondrodystrophy (CDDY), and the avoidance of merle × merle matings (coat color, merle). Responsible breeders additionally test parent animals for eye diseases such as progressive retinal atrophy, lens luxation (PLL), or retinal dysplasia, and have the back thoroughly evaluated by a veterinarian. Before buying, make sure to ask for the complete official results for IVDD and CDDY as well as ophthalmological certificates.
- 5620 core tests2 recommended
With a grade of D, the Tibetan Spaniel shows significant breed-specific problems, focusing in particular on serious conditions such as primary lens luxation (PLL), epilepsy, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), as well as moderate risks like patellar luxation (PL). A health-oriented breeder actively counteracts these risks by having their breeding stock comprehensively tested and only planning healthy matings. Before buying, you should definitely request the official test results of the parents, proving a status of 'clear' for primary lens luxation (PLL) and grade 0 or 1 for patellar luxation (PL). Since the threshold 'carrier' is also permissible for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), you must ensure that the other partner is proven to be completely clear to eliminate the risk for the puppies.
- 5721 core tests
In the Dachshund (Wire-haired), the risk of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is extremely high: roughly one in six to seven dachshunds suffers a herniated disc during their lifetime, with the proportion being significantly higher in certain varieties, and over 95% carry the genetic predisposition for it (CDDY). The Deutscher Teckelklub 1888 e.V. (DTK) therefore makes findings on intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and chondrodystrophy (CDDY), as well as genetic tests for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and cone-rod dystrophy (progressive retinal atrophy), mandatory, under which carriers may only be mated with clear partners, and does not permit any merle × merle matings. A responsible breeder also has the parent animals examined for cataract, primary lens luxation (PLL), and epilepsy. Before buying a puppy, insist on seeing complete written documentation of findings regarding intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), and eye examinations.
What is extreme breeding (Qualzucht)?
Extreme breeding – called Qualzucht in German law – describes breeding features that cause an animal lasting harm. Extremely flat-faced breeds are often affected, where breathing, eyes or spine suffer.
- Flat-faced breeds (e.g. bulldogs, pugs) can have lifelong breathing difficulties.
- Look for easy breathing, open nostrils and a body that functions well.
- Support breeders who actively select for healthier traits.
Frequently asked questions
Which dog breeds carry the highest health risks?
The highest risks sit with grade-E breeds, including several extremely flat-faced breeds. The full list with reasoning is above.
Should I avoid these breeds entirely?
That's your decision. We don't advise against them across the board — we just ask you to know the risks and, if you do buy, to buy only from health-focused breeders.
What about French Bulldogs, Pugs and English Bulldogs?
These breeds are known for breed-typical health problems, above all breathing problems caused by their flat faces. If you're interested, pay special attention to easy breathing and health-focused breeding lines.
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